Cervical bleeding is usually caused by what diseases?

Cervical bleeding is usually caused by diseases such as cervicitis, cervical polyps, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, cervical cancer, and endometriosis. Cervicitis is mainly caused by infection. Cervical polyps are mostly benign hyperplasia. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is a precancerous lesion. Cervical cancer is a malignant disease. Endometriosis may involve cervical tissue.

1. Cervicitis

Cervicitis is a common cause of cervical bleeding, mostly caused by bacterial, viral or fungal infection. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and human papillomavirus are common pathogens. Patients may experience symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge and bleeding after sexual intercourse. For treatment, you can use anti-infective drugs as directed by your doctor, such as azithromycin tablets, doxycycline tablets or metronidazole vaginal effervescent tablets. At the same time, you need to avoid sexual intercourse until the inflammation subsides.

2. Cervical polyps

Cervical polyps are benign hyperplasia of the cervical mucosa. The surface blood vessels are rich and easy to break and bleed, manifesting as contact bleeding or intermenstrual bleeding. Polyps are mostly single and less than 1 cm in diameter. After diagnosis, it can be removed through outpatient surgery, such as polyp electroresection or cold knife conization. Postoperative pathological examination can rule out the possibility of malignancy.

3. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is a precancerous lesion and is classified into CIN grades 1-3 based on the degree of abnormal cell involvement. Persistent high-risk HPV infection is the main cause, and irregular vaginal bleeding or cervical contact bleeding may occur. Colposcopy and biopsy can confirm the diagnosis. Mild lesions may disappear on their own. Moderate to severe lesions require cervical conization, such as high-frequency electrosurgical surgery.

4. Cervical cancer

In the late stages of cervical cancer, spontaneous bleeding or massive contact bleeding may occur, often accompanied by foul-smelling discharge. Human papillomavirus type 16/18 infection is the main risk factor, and others include smoking and immunosuppression. Early screening is through HPV detection and TCT examination, and treatment is based on the stage, such as surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy, such as extensive hysterectomy combined with pelvic lymph node dissection.

5. Endometriosis

When endometriosis reaches the cervix, cervical bleeding may occur during menstruation, accompanied by progressive dysmenorrhea. The lesions were purple-blue nodules and were obviously tender on gynecological examination. The diagnosis requires a combination of symptoms, ultrasound and pathology. For treatment, drugs can be selected to inhibit intimal growth, such as dienogest tablets and leuprolide acetate injection. In severe cases, surgical removal of the lesions is required.

Self-medication should be avoided if cervical bleeding occurs, and timely gynecological examination and cervical cancer screening are recommended. Keep your vulva clean and dry every day and avoid using irritating lotions. Keeping a regular schedule enhances immunity, and getting the HPV vaccine can prevent related infections. Pay attention to hygiene protection during sexual life and regular gynecological examinations can help detect lesions early.